From Slavin (2009): "Research on teachers' expectations for their students has generally found that students live up (or down) to the expectations that their teachers have for them" (p. 310). "Of course, students' expectations for themselves are at least as important as those of their teachers" (p. 310).

"There are several implicit ways in which teachers can communicate positive expectations of their students (or avoid negative ones).

1. Wait for students to respond....

2. Avoid unnecessary achievement distinctions among students....

3. Treat all students equally" (p. 310).